Malaria

Malaria is a serious disease that causes a high fever and chills. You can get it from a bite by an infected mosquito. Malaria is rare in the United States. It is most often found in Africa, Southern Asia, Central America, and South America... Learn more 
.http://www.healthlibrary.com/malaria.htm

Malaria

Malaria is a serious disease that causes a high fever and chills. You can get it from a bite by an infected mosquito. Malaria is rare in the United States. It is most often found in Africa, Southern Asia, Central America, and South America. Learn more at http://healthlibrary.com/malaria.htm

Short HELP Talk: Easy Cure for Dengue and Malaria

A Free Short HELP Talk On Topic "Easy Cure for Dengue and Malaria" By Mr. Cyrus Bhaya At HELP Library

Dengue Fever

What is dengue fever?

Dengue (say "DEN-gay") fever is a disease caused by a virus that is carried by mosquitos. Mild cases cause a rash and flu-like symptoms. Some people, especially children, can get more serious forms of the illness, known as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome.

What causes dengue fever?

Dengue fever is spread through the bite of mosquitoes that carry the virus. The virus cannot spread from person to person through casual contact. People who have dengue fever should be protected from mosquito bites. If a mosquito bites an infected person, the mosquito becomes infected with the virus and can pass it to other people.

Outbreaks are common in many countries in Latin America and Southeast Asia. The disease also occurs in Africa, parts of the Middle East, the Western Pacific, Puerto Rico, and other tropical and subtropical areas.^footnote Travelers visiting these regions may become infected.

Dengue fever is rare in the United States. But there have been cases of dengue fever reported in Florida and areas of the southwestern U.S., especially along the border between Texas and Mexico.^{footnotefootnote}

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms of dengue fever may be mild or severe. In mild cases, common symptoms include:

• A sudden high fever, up to 106°F (41°C).
• A headache.
• Eye pain.
• Joint and muscle pain.
• A rash.
• Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

The fever usually lasts up to a week and may come and go.

After the initial fever, some people may have more serious symptoms that may be signs of dengue hemorrhagic fever. These can include:

• Signs of bleeding, such as:
  • Red patches that may look like bruises or tiny red spots.
  • Bleeding from the nose, mouth, or gums.
  • Vomiting blood.
  • Stools that look like black tar.
• Severe belly pain.
• Signs of shock.

If you have symptoms of dengue fever, see your doctor or go to the hospital right away.

How is dengue fever diagnosed?

You doctor will ask about your symptoms and any recent travel. He or she may order a blood test to confirm whether you have dengue fever.

How is it treated?

There is no medicine for treating dengue fever. Mild cases may be treated at home with rest and plenty of fluids to preventdehydration. You may take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for pain. But don't take anti-inflammatory medicines like aspirin, ibuprofen (such as Advil or Motrin), or naproxen (such as Aleve). They may increase the risk of bleeding. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label. People with mild cases of dengue fever usually feel better within 2 weeks.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever, the more serious form of dengue fever, usually requires treatment in a hospital. You may need intravenous (IV) fluids to treat dehydration. You also may need a blood transfusion to replace lost blood. You will be closely watched for signs of shock.

How can you prevent dengue fever?

There is no vaccine to prevent dengue fever. And people who have had it before can get it again. If you plan to travel to an area where dengue fever is common, make sure to protect yourself against mosquito bites. Here are some guidelines:

• Wear protective clothing (long pants and long-sleeved shirts).
• Use insect repellent with DEET (N,N diethylmetatoluamide). The repellent is available in varying strengths up to 100%. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and other experts suggest that it is safe to use a repellent that contains 10% to 30% DEET on children older than age 2 months.
• Spray clothing with an insect repellent containing permethrin or DEET, because mosquitoes may bite through thin clothing. (Be aware that DEET can damage plastic items, such as watch crystals or eyeglass frames, and some synthetic fabrics.)
• Sleep under bed nets (mosquito netting) sprayed with or soaked in an insecticide such as permethrin or deltamethrin.
• Use flying-insect spray indoors around sleeping areas.

The most current information about dengue fever is available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). If you are planning international travel, you can learn about the risk of dengue fever in the area you're traveling to by contacting:

• The CDC at its toll-free phone number (1-800-232-4636) or website (www.cdc.gov/dengue).
• Your doctor or local health department.

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ABCD Approach to Malaria.

Free Community Service from HELP. Click here to Subscribe to FREE Smses on your mobile and protect yourself from the deadly disease which has made a comeback ! Prevent and Fight Malaria.




Download your brochure from http://www.hpa.org.uk/Publications/InfectiousDiseases/TravelHealth/Malariainformationfortravellerleaflet/

Malaria is a serious illness that is common in many tropical countries.

Symptoms can develop rapidly and it can kill you, but if you take the
correct precautions you can greatly reduce your risk of catching it. The
disease is spread by mosquitoes that bite at night (dusk to dawn).
You can protect yourself against malaria, and you must do so every time
you visit a country with malaria. This is very important, even if you grew
up or lived there and are now returning to visit your friends or family.
No one has full immunity to malaria. Any partial protection you may have
from being brought up in a malarious country is quickly lost when you live
in countries with no malaria, so everyone needs to take precautions to
avoid getting malaria.
Your family are at risk as well. Babies and children, especially those born
outside the tropics, can get very sick with malaria very quickly. It is also
particularly dangerous for pregnant women, who should avoid visits to
malarious areas. Use the ABCD approach to protect yourself.


ABCD approach (be Aware of the risks; use Bite prevention; take Chemoprophylaxis;
seek early Diagnosis).

A – be Aware of the risks

Malaria is common in many parts of Africa, Asia, the Indian subcontinent,
South America and some areas in the Far and Middle East. The risk is
A5 malaria leaflet 3 Augustparticularly high in sub-Saharan Africa.
See your doctor, nurse or pharmacist providing travel health services or
go to a travel clinic to check if there is malaria in the country you are
visiting. They can give you malaria prevention advice. Seek their advice
6-8 weeks before your trip, if possible, but remember it is never too late
to seek advice. Even last-minute travellers can get useful protection.

B – Use Bite Prevention

• Use an insect repellent containing DEET. Other effective repellents are
picaridin (icaridin) and lemon eucalyptus. These are readily available in
pharmacies or camping and travel shops. Remember to reapply insect
repellent frequently and to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations,
particularly when applying repellents to young children.
• Cover up with trousers and long-sleeved clothes after sunset.
• Treat clothing with insecticides.
• Use knockdown sprays or coils to kill any mosquitoes before you go to
bed. These products are readily available in pharmacies or travel and
camping shops.
• Sleep in a properly screened, air conditioned room or under a
mosquito net that has been treated with insecticide.
Homoeopathic or herbal remedies, electronic buzzers, garlic and
vitamins do not protect against mosquito bites.

C – Take Chemoprophylaxis (malaria tablets)
Tablets to prevent malaria play a very important role in protecting you.
There are a number of different types. Ask your doctor, nurse or
pharmacist providing travel health services which type of tablets you
and your family need.
Make sure you understand how and when to take your tablets. You need
to start taking them before you go, continue all the time you are away
and also for a period of time when you return. Remember – it is vital that
you finish the course of tablets when you get back to make sure you are
properly protected. Homoeopathic or herbal remedies do not protect
against malaria and must not be used in place of antimalarial tablets.

D – seek early Diagnosis if you become unwell
Although modern prevention methods are highly effective and can
greatly reduce your risk of dying from this dangerous disease, they do
not give 100% protection.
If you or any of your family has a fever or flu-like illness after being in a
country with malaria you must see your doctor urgently. Tell them where
you have been and mention malaria. Remember you could still have
malaria, even a year after a trip to a malaria-risk region.

Fight Malaria: Free Community Service from HELP

FREE Community service from HELP Library!

Send START HELP-MALARIA to 09212012345

and receive free information on how to deal with this deadly disease.

Malaria has made a vicious comeback!

It is a disease that can be treated in just 48 hours, yet it can cause fatal complications if the diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Learn about malaria, its prevention and control. Subscribe to the FREE service HELP-MALARIA.

HELP TALK-Dr.Dinesh Toprani on "Learn how to avoid Malaria"

This video is a talk conducted by Dr. Dinesh Toprani at HELP on 25th April' 09 : Topic - "Learn how to avoid Malaria"

Management Of Severe Malaria - Book Review

This handbook provides new and revised practical guidance on the diagnosis and management of severe falciparum malaria. After outlining the general nursing care needed by malaria patients, it considers in turn the possible complications, including coma, convulsions, severe anaemia, acidosis, renal failure, hypoglycaemia, and pulmonary oedema,, and gives specific and concise advice on their management.

Publisher : World Health Organization

Year Of Publication : 2000

No. Of Pages : 69

मलेरिया

मलेरिया क्या है ?
मलेरिया एक वाहक जनित इन्फेक्शन है, जो एक विशेष जाति के मादा मच्छर के काटने से होता है । ये मच्छर है -एनोफिलिस । ये मच्छर प्लासमोडियम नाम कारक जीवाणु को शरीर में पहुँचाते हैं । भारत जैसे विकासशील देश में प्रमुख सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य समस्या के रूप में मलेरिया की पहचान है ।

मलेरिया कैसे होता है ?
लाल रक्त कण का इन्फेक्शन: कारक घटक प्लास्मोडियम की चार उपजातियॉं होती है । ये हैं -वाइवेक्स, फेल्सियेरम, ऑवेल और मलेरी । इनमें पहली अधिक सामान्य रूप में पाई जाती है । ये प्रोटोजोआ पैरासाइट है । जो मच्छरों द्वारा काटने पर हमारे शरीर में प्रवेश करते हैं । भीड़-भाड़ वाले इलाकों, गन्दे नालों, अंधेरी जगहों जहॉं मच्छरों का प्रजनन अधिक होता है वहॉं यह रोग अधिक होता है, वहॉं पर यह रोग अधिक होता है । मादा एनोफिलिस मच्छर अंधेरा होने पर काटते है कि झुग्गी झोपड़ी और नीम अंधेरे में यह अधिक होता है ।
यह पैरासाइट हमारे शरीर में और मच्छर में कई स्तर में विकसीत होते हैं । मच्छर के शरीर में विकास होने पर यह स्वस्थ व्यक्तियों में प्रवेश करने में सक्षम हो जाता है और मच्छर काटने पर हमारे शरीर में प्रवेश करता है । मानव शरीर में इसकी दो अवस्थाएँ होती है - एक तो लीवर में और दूसरी लाल रक्त कण में । दोनों अवस्थाओं के परिणाम स्वरूप इन अवयवों की क्षति होकर मलेरिया के लक्षण प्रबल होते हैं ।
एक असक्रिय अवस्था जिसे एक्सो-एरिथ्रोसाइटिक अवस्था कहते हैं, इसमें लाल रक्तकण फूट जाते हैं । जिससे हजारों पैरासाइट रक्त प्रवाह में आ जाते हैं । ये मच्छर काटने पर कैरियर की भूमिका निभाते हैं । जब किसी संक्रमित व्यक्ति को मच्छर काटता है तथा ये सक्रिय पैरासाइट मच्छर में चले जाते हैं और मच्छर में सक्रिय होकर अन्य स्वस्थ व्यक्ति को मच्छर मलेरिया का शिकार बना देता है ।
अक्सर पैरासाइट का लोड अत्याधिक होने पर (विशेषकर प्लास्मोडियम फैल्सिमैरम के कारण)संक्रमित लाल रक्तकण और पैरासाइट के कारण सूक्ष्म रक्त वाहिनियॉं अवरुद्ध होकर फट जाती हैं । ये मस्तिष्क में प्रवेशकर तीव्र बायोकेमिकल असंतुलन पैदा कर देते हैं । इसके कारण जो स्थिति उत्प होती है, उसे सेरिब्रल मलेरिया और रीनल फेलयर (कालापानी का ज्वर) भी कहा जाता है ।
प्रसूता स्त्री में मलेरिया घातक होता है । बच्चों में भी सभी विकासशील देशों में मलेरिया के उपद्रव हैं - तीव्र रक्ताल्पता, यकृत फेलयर और तीव्र रीनल फेलयर ।

मलेरिया के मुख्य लक्षण क्या हैं ?
मलेरिया के लक्षण फ्लू और अन्य ज्वरों से मिलते जुलते रहते हैं । फिर भी तुरन्त निदान कर चिकित्सा की अपेक्षा आवश्यक होती है । इसके प्रमुख लक्षण ये हैं -
* ठंड और कंपन के साथ मध्यम तेज बुखार, जो 2 -4 दिन एकान्तर में आता है । खूब पसीना आना, मलेरिया का सूचक है ।
* तेज सिरदर्द और पेट का दर्द भी सामान्यतया होता है ।
* भूख न लगना और वमन भी हो सकते हैं ।
* लीवर की असामान्यता के कारण रक्त शर्करा कम हो सकती है, जिससे हाइपोग्लाइसिमिया के लक्षण प्रकट होते हैं ।
* चिकित्सा न करने पर तीव्र मलेरिया गहरे भूरे रंग का मूत्र आता है । इसे रीनल फेलयर होकर मूत्र में रक्त उत्सर्जन होने लगता है । इसे हिमोग्लोबिनूरिया कहते हैं ।
* जिनमें झटका, मूर्च्छा या बेहोशी या असामान्य व्यवहार हो उनमें सेरिब्रल मलेरिया का संदेह किया जाता है ।

इसका निदान कैसे होता है ?
* मलेरिया का मुख्य निदान रक्त के स्मिपर में मलेरिया पैरासाइट की उपस्थिति से हो जाता है । इससे प्रकार और पैरासाइट के लोड का भी पता चल जाता है ।
अन्य रक्त परीक्षा में इनकी आवश्यकता पड़ सकती है -
* रक्ताल्पता के हिमोग्लोबियर स्तर
* लीवर की क्षति जानने के लिए लीवर एन्जाइम
* गुर्दे के प्रभाव जानने के लिए रीनल फंक्शन टेस्ट
* लीवर और प्लीहा की वृद्धि जानने के लिए सोनोग्राफी
* हाइपोग्लाइसिमिया होने पर रक्तशर्करा परीक्षा
* प्राथमिक निदान के लिए आजकल मलेरिया एंटीजन भी डिप स्टिक भी उपलब्ध है । इससे एक बूंद रक्त से निदान किया जाता है ।

उसकी चिकित्सा कैसे की जाती है?
मलेरिया की चिकित्सा के लिए विशेष एंटीवायोटिक होते हैं । साधारणतया इसे एंटी मलेरिया कहते हैं । इन्हें विशिष्ट रूप में 3 दिन तक दिया जाता है । प्लास्मोडियम वायवेक्स का निदान होने पर, अथवा मलेरिया की पुनरावृत्ति को रोकने के लिए 14 दिन तक इसे दिया जाता है । मुख्य एंटी मलेरिया दवाएँ ये हैं -
* प्रमुख एंटी मलेरिया क्लोरोक्विन, क्वीनिन और मेपलोक्विन
* निवारणार्थ - प्राइमक्वीन
* प्रतिरोधात्मक नवीन एटीमलेरिया - अर्टिसुनेट और अर्टेमेथर
सहायक चिकित्सा में शर्करा सन्तुलन के लिए अन्तर्शिरा डेक्सट्रोज, लौह पूरक, लीवर एन्जाइम, रक्त ट्रान्सफ्यूजन आदि दिया जाता है।

रोचक शंका-समाधान
प्रश्न - मैंने सुना है कि सिकल सेल एनिमिया रोगी को मलेरिया नहीं होताहै । क्या यह सच है ?
उत्तर - हॉं, सिंकल सेल एनिमिया रोगी को संक्रमित मच्छर काटने पर नहीं होता । इनमें लक्षण बहुत मन्द होते हैं और विशषतः यह घातक नहीं होता । इसके कई कारण हो सकते है, सबसे प्रमुख है कोशिकाओं में सिकलिंग होती है । यह माना जाता है कि पैरासाइट कोशिकाओं में अम्ल उत्प करते हैं । इस अम्ल के कारण सिकलिंग होकर रक्तकण नष्ट हो जाते हैं साथ ही उसमें उपस्थित पैरासाइट भी समाप्त हो जाते हैं । इसका दूसरा स्पष्टीकरण यह है कि पैरासाइट कम ऑक्सीजन में जीवित नहीं रह सकते । जोकि प्लीहा में भी सामान्य बात है । यही कारण है कि इन रोगियों में मलेरिया से रक्षात्मक उपाय होता है ।

Using technology to create Indian specific health information

A common criticism many Indians have of health information on the internet is that very little of it applies to India and to Indians. Indian medical websites are few and far-between - and they are often incomplete and outdated. Also, there is a major dearth of Indian in Indian lanaguages. This means that it's extremely easy for someone sitting in Bombay to find tons of information from Mayo Clinic; or to read pages and pages on rare diseases such as cystic fibrosis; but very hard to get reliable information on common Indian diseases such as malaria or typhoid !

This is a shame - and we have taken the following initiative to address this challenge. We have setup India's first health wiki at www.myhealthpedia.in.

What we have provided at present is a bare skeleton. We hope that users will add flesh to this , so that this becomes a reliable and authoritative source of patient information for Indians.

The great thing about the wiki technology we have used is that it provides a very user-friendly platform for online collaboration, so that we can develop a repository of information which is online; available 24/7; and can be updated all the time. We hope to use the "wisdom of the crowds" to provide a useful service.

The next step is to translate this information into Indian languages. We have received a grant from the Sir Ratan Tata Trust to do so, and are looking for volunteers and experts who will help us to make this project a success !

Please do sign up at www.myhealthpedia.in !